Mar 22, 2017 · Standard tuning is the most frequently used tuning for a 6-string guitar and assumed to be the default, with the strings tuned to E A D G B E. The system, known as scientific pitch notation or ... Are you in the market for a new guitar? Look no further than GuitarCenter.com, the ultimate destination for all things guitar-related. With a vast selection of guitars, expert staf...Sign up for your FREE trial of Fender Play, the customizable online learning platform for guitar, bass and ukulele: https://bit.ly/3gmosHmIn this lesson you ...Eb Tuning: Overview and How to Tune. The Eb tuning is quite simple to comprehend. It’s the same as if you took any guitar riff you know and played it one fret lower.You have access to a low Eb instead of the usual low E present in standard tuning.. Many bands and guitarists have played using Eb tuning throughout most or all of their …Standard tuning on the guitar refers to the way the six strings are tuned to specific pitches. In simple terms, it means tuning the guitar strings to the notes E, A, D, …The standard guitar tuning is from lowest to highest E, A, D, G, B, E. There are many popular alternative tunings like DADGAD and others where the guitar is tuned to a chord. The great thing about experimenting with guitar tunings is it forces you to think differently on the fretboard, or may inspire a different approach to a song. ...Are you in the market for a new guitar? Look no further than GuitarCenter.com, the ultimate destination for all things guitar-related. With a vast selection of guitars, expert staf...The cost of a standard tune-up for a Dodge Charger depends on a number of factors, but it can range from $200 to $800, as of 2015. If major servicing is necessary in addition to th...The standard guitar tuning is from lowest to highest E, A, D, G, B, E. There are many popular alternative tunings like DADGAD and others where the guitar is tuned to a chord. The great thing about experimenting with guitar tunings is it forces you to think differently on the fretboard, or may inspire a different approach to a song. ...New standard tuning was developed by King Crimson’s Robert Fripp as a means of approximating all fifths tuning. Let’s back up a bit. So the typical guitar string order is E, A, D, G, B, E. This is basically all fourths tuning with the exception of a third interval between the G and the B. This is really ergonomic for guitar players.If you’re looking to sell your guitar, finding the right marketplace can make all the difference. With so many options available, it can be overwhelming to know where to start. The...https://www.paypal.me/187GuitarplayerAnything helps! Thanks :)If you need other tunings, message me!Check out my channel for informations about my Guitars/Ef...Grab a Tuner: Plug in, turn on, or otherwise attach your tuner to your guitar. Start With Low String: Starting with your lowest (ie. the thickest string) pitched string (E), pluck the string while slowly turn the tuning head to decrease the pitch (flatten) until your tuner reads Eb. Fine Tune the Note: Fine tune the pitch until the string plays ...A classical acoustic guitar has six strings. There are variations in guitar configurations for creating different sounds, including the electric four-string bass guitar and the 12-...MGM Resorts International is selling operations of The Mirage, the resort that changed Las Vegas when it opened in 1989, to Hard Rock International. The new owners plan to transfor...D (highest string, tuned down a whole step from E) Now that the difference between standard and open D tuning is clear, here’s how you tune a guitar to open D: Start by plucking the low E string. Tune it down a whole step by turning the tuning peg clockwise towards you. Keep plucking the string until you hear the correct note.Grab a Tuner: Plug in, turn on, or otherwise attach your tuner to your guitar. Start With Low String: Starting with your lowest (ie. the thickest string) pitched string (E), pluck the string while slowly turn the tuning head to decrease the pitch (flatten) until your tuner reads Eb. Fine Tune the Note: Fine tune the pitch until the string plays ...For an instrument to be tuned to standard pitch, the note A must have a frequency of 440 Hz. On a guitar this A is the 5th fret on the first string (the thinnest string). This is the A just above middle C on a piano. To tune a guitar to concert pitch a …Guitar Tuning Method: Standard Tuning. There are many different ways to tune a guitar, but the overwhelmingly most common for most styles of guitar players is called ‘Standard Tuning’. The 6 strings of your guitar create notes that you’ll use all the time just as they are, no pressing down on them required. We tune these strings to the ...How easy it is to follow the market talking heads, but let's be careful of latching onto supposed analysis of 'market participants' and 'market structure' ... w...I often find myself looking through YouTube for a guitar tuner and I couldn't quite find exactly what I wanted, so I decided to make it. We hope this is the ... Tune your guitar and other instruments with GuitarTuna, the world’s #1 online tuner. Our online guitar tuner comes with over 100 different tunings. Standard Tuning on the Guitar is when the strings are tuned to E, A, D, G, B, and E starting with the lowest pitched string to the highest. This is the most common tuning for a six-string guitar and doesn’t require any retuning before playing. It’s a great starting point for beginners because it allows you to play a wide range of chords and …Are you in the market for a new guitar? Look no further than GuitarCenter.com, the ultimate destination for all things guitar-related. With a vast selection of guitars, expert staf...The following tunings are supported: Standard, DADGAD, Drop D, Double Drop D, Drop C, Drop B, Drop A, Open D, Open Dm, Open G, Open A, Open C, Open E, Eb Standard, D … Much the same as we had the same tuning for the four high strings of a guitar, this tuning uses the standard tuning for the four lower strings. Using this tuning makes playing power chords much easier but there are a lot of other things you can do as well. Chords such as majors, minors and sevenths are all a lot easier to play using the EADG ... Learn the basics of tuning a guitar to standard tuning, the most commonly used tuning system for guitarists. Find out how to use an electronic tuner or by ear, an…Tune your guitar and other instruments with GuitarTuna, the world’s #1 online tuner. Our online guitar tuner comes with over 100 different tunings.Use your microphone and tune your bass without leaving your browser. Articles, product reviews, and biographies of legendary players. Chord charts in Standard Tuning with various voicings and keys. Our guitar chord charts are free and printable for Standard guitar tuning. Select your key to get started.Online Guitar Tuner is a free web based guitar tuner by GuitarApp. Tune your guitar using your laptop or phone microphone. Tuner for DADGAD, Drop D, Open D and many other tunings. This is an online tuner for guitar, bass, ukulele, mandolin, banjo, violin and cello.Drop B guitar tuning is a type of alternate string pitch arrangement. It’s very popular, especially with 6-string guitars and high-gain power chords. This is because of the deep, low tone that is possible. All without having to go out and get a 7 or 8-string guitar. Standard guitar tuning is much different. The strings are tuned to the notes ...Apr 9, 2565 BE ... Standard tuning is exactly like it sounds - the standard way to tune a guitar. From the lowest sounding string to the highest, the strings are ...Minimum scale length: 25.5” (26.5″ recommended) Used by: Trivium (Shogun), Haken (The Virus), Dream Theatre (many different songs) Heaviest Riffs: B Standard. This is the standard tuning of the modern 7-string guitar. It’s the same as E standard, but the 7th string is tuned a fourth down from the low E, making it a low B.Learn how to tune your guitar in standard tuning, the most commonly accepted technique for tuning a six string guitar. Find out different methods to tune by ear, with an …What are the 6 strings of a standard guitar tuning? A standard six-string guitar is tuned from the thickest string - also the lowest in pitch - to the thinnest string - which is the highest in pitch - as follows: E2 - 6th string (lowest): This is the thickest string and plays the lowest note on a standard-tuned guitar. In standard tuning, it's ...Instructions. 1. Use an Allen key to loosen the nut slightly and turn the truss rod clockwise until you hear a ‘pinging’ sound when you pluck an open string. 2. Fret the string with your finger at the second fret. Pluck the string while holding the fret down and compare the sound to the open string. 3.Player Stratocaster® $799.99. Affinity Series™ Stratocaster® HSS Pack $359.99. Squier Sonic® Stratocaster® Pack $269.99. Kurt Cobain Jag-Stang® $1079.99. American Ultra Luxe Stratocaster® $2599.99. Use Fender's free electric guitar tuner to keep the tone in tune. Choose from standard or alternative tunings or create a custom tune for ...Alternate tunings refer to pitch sets other than standard tuning, also referred to as non-standard or alternative. While musicians start off learning guitar in standard tuning, experimenting with alternate tunings is a progressive …Here’s how open strings in the standard guitar tuning sound like: How to tune your guitar online with a microphone tuner. The idea is simple: you play an open string on your instrument, and tuner shows if it sounds at the right pitch. ... Start tuning your guitar from the thickest string (the one with the lowest sound). On the left side of ...A classical acoustic guitar has six strings. There are variations in guitar configurations for creating different sounds, including the electric four-string bass guitar and the 12-...Sep 29, 2020 · In this guitar tuning guide, Sam explains how to tune a 6-string guitar to standard tuning and offers a few tips to help beginners. Check out our full range... May 6, 2559 BE ... Tune your electric guitar here: https://youtu.be/_di3_jEe154 Once you're in tune, play Carol of the Bells: ...Guitar tuning essentials. A few words about tuning in general: always use an electronic guitar tuner for any foray into an alternate tuning (and for getting back to standard tuning), but first make an effort to tune by ear, tuning the strings to each other using reference pitches, which may be fretted notes, open strings or any available natural …keyboard_arrow_down. Here's a video on how to tune half a step down, aka Eb tuning, aka D# tuning! The tuner notes are as follows; Eb Ab Db Gb Bb Eb. To do this, you either need a good ear or a chromatic tuner. Learn about Andy's TC electronic tuner here. Plenty of other chromatic tuners are available. You need to be in Eb tuning to play songs ...Description - D Standard. DGCFAD (D Standard) is the same as EADGBE but every string is tuned a whole step down. This preserves the intervals between the strings, and thus all chord shapes and scales work the same, except they sound lower. One way to achieve this is to tune your low E to a D as in drop D and then tune the rest of the strings in ...Standard guitar tuning, also known as E-tuning, is the most versatile and common option for tuning your guitar to sound just perfect. Standard tuning is used in most popular songs written for acoustic and electric guitars. Drop tuning. Drop tuning means any tuning other than standard if notes used are lower than in the standard one, that’s ...Standard tuning is the most commonly used tuning that has your guitar strings tuned (from lowest to highest) to E, A, D, G, B, E. Although standard tuning is, well, the standard for most guitarists to learn and play, alternate tunings open up a whole new world of sound.Dropped D Slide. Drop D is a popular tuning for slide guitar that’s easy to tune. You just drop the low E 6th string one whole step from E to D. The above video is a good example of a slide guitarist making a great sound come from a standard acoustic guitar (not a resonator guitar). You’ll also notice that he primarily uses his index finger ...If Detect String is on, the ; acoustic guitar tuner will try to automatically identify the string you’re tuning. Alternatively, press the string that you'd like to tune.Tuning your ; guitar. has never been so easy. Enjoy your well-tuned instrument!To tune your acoustic guitar. by ear:Press the string you’re trying to tune. The selected ...How To: Standard tuning an 8 string guitar. For starters, there’s many ways to tune an 8 string guitar, but one common tuning as mentioned previously, is F# B E A D G B E – This guitar tuning is a variation of the standard guitar tuning with the addition of the low F# & B. There is also the “Galbraith Tuning” which adds a low AND a high ...Start with a Standard, EADGBE, tuning. Tune up the thickest string—the low E, then go your way to the high E—the thinnest string. Tuning Tip #2.As you begin to learn to play the guitar, you want to find sheet music for the songs you want to play. The good news is the internet is teeming with sites where you can search for ...Guitar Tuning Method: Standard Tuning. There are many different ways to tune a guitar, but the overwhelmingly most common for most styles of guitar players is called ‘Standard Tuning’. The 6 strings of your guitar create notes that you’ll use all the time just as they are, no pressing down on them required. We tune these strings to the ... This tuning is A, D, G, C, E, A. This makes the instrument a perfect fifth lower than a regular guitar and one octave below standard guitalele, piccolo, and requinto guitar tuning. If you like finger-picking, this is an excellent tuning to use. It’s also the ideal tuning if you want to hear a lot of droning notes. DADGAD tuning is a non-standard tuning for the guitar that has gained popularity among traditional and contemporary musicians. It involves tuning the guitar strings to the pitches D, A, D, G, A, and D, starting from the lowest-pitched string. DADGAD tuning is known for its versatility and ability to create unique tonal colors, particularly in ...KEY TAKEAWAYS: Standard 7-string guitar tuning includes an additional low B string, extending the instrument’s sonic range and making it ideal for genres like metal and progressive rock. Despite the added string, all familiar chords, scales, and modes apply (in Standard Tuning), with the lower B string adding depth and heaviness to your playing.What are the 6 strings of a standard guitar tuning? A standard six-string guitar is tuned from the thickest string - also the lowest in pitch - to the thinnest string - which is the highest in pitch - as follows: E2 - 6th string (lowest): This is the thickest string and plays the lowest note on a standard-tuned guitar. In standard tuning, it's ...New standard tuning (NST) is an alternative tuning for the guitar that approximates all-fifths tuning.The guitar's strings are assigned the notes C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4 (from lowest to highest); the five lowest open strings are each tuned to an interval of a perfect fifth {(C,G),(G,D),(D,A),(A,E)}; the two highest strings are a minor third apart (E,G).. All-fifths …Click on the tone you want to tune. Hit the string and watch the pointer direction. If the pointer is rather on the left side of the gauge, the tone is low and it is necessary to tighten the string. If the pointer is rather on the right side of the gauge, the tone is high and it is necessary to loose the string.You can tune a guitar with a capo on by placing the acpo on the desired fret, using a tuner, and accounting for the capo effects. Capos alter the pitch for a semitone, on each fret up. If you place a capo on the first fret, then guitar strings will lose the EADGBE pattern and they will become FA#D#G#CF.Get in tune with Ultimate Guitar's online free tuner. Accurate and easy to use. Create your Account and get Pro Access 80% OFF. 0. days: 00. hrs: 43. min: 29. sec. SIGN UP. ultimate guitar com.BEADGBE. 7 String standard. Guitar Tuner for Standard - EADGBE. Online guitar tuner for Standard guitar. Tune your guitar to E A D G B E easily with the below guitar tuner. Change the sound of the tuner buttons by choosing Acoustic Guitar, Distorted Electric, Piano, Marimba, Rhodes and a couple of synths. Distorted Electric.Standard tuning is tuning each string of your guitar to a specific note. Doing so allows you to play the various chords in the same way that other people do. From your lowest string (that’s the thickest one that should be closest to the ceiling when you hold your guitar properly) to the highest (that’s the thinnest one, which is closest to the floor), the strings …Best guitar tuner apps: Product guide. 1. Fender Guitar Tuner. With two modes - Auto Tuner and Manual Tuner - which work across electric, acoustic, bass, and ukulele - the Fender Guitar Tuner offers elegant simplicity and reliability, with a super smart graphic interface.Frosty the Snowman is a beloved holiday song that captures the whimsy and joy of wintertime. Whether you’re a beginner guitarist or an experienced musician looking to add some fest...Guitar Tuning Method: Standard Tuning. There are many different ways to tune a guitar, but the overwhelmingly most common for most styles of guitar players is called ‘Standard Tuning’. The 6 strings of your guitar create notes that you’ll use all the time just as they are, no pressing down on them required. We tune these strings to the ...Instructions. 1. Use an Allen key to loosen the nut slightly and turn the truss rod clockwise until you hear a ‘pinging’ sound when you pluck an open string. 2. Fret the string with your finger at the second fret. Pluck the string while holding the fret down and compare the sound to the open string. 3.New standard tuning was developed by King Crimson’s Robert Fripp as a means of approximating all fifths tuning. Let’s back up a bit. So the typical guitar string order is E, A, D, G, B, E. This is basically all fourths tuning with the exception of a third interval between the G and the B. This is really ergonomic for guitar players.This book, which was written for a five-string guitar-like instrument tuned A-D-G-B-E, featured drawn chord pictorials not unlike photographic images seem today. The six-string guitar evolved quickly after that, adding the sixth string, tuned to E. THE CAGED SYSTEM. Since the Standard Tuning is an irregular tuning, pattern regularity on the ...Apr 9, 2565 BE ... Standard tuning is exactly like it sounds - the standard way to tune a guitar. From the lowest sounding string to the highest, the strings are ...Tune your guitar and other instruments with GuitarTuna, the world’s #1 online tuner. Our online guitar tuner comes with over 100 different tunings.While Wikipedia confidently proclaims that “the Danelectro Company introduced an electric baritone guitar in the late 1950s”, this instrument was in fact far closer to a 6-string bass (typically tuned as ‘ EADGBE minus 1 …Side Note: An awesome product that’ll automatically tune your guitar and is useful to keep track of custom tunings is the Roadie automatic guitar tuner. Standard vs Alternate Tunings. Alternate guitar …The strings on a 7 string tuned to Bb (B Flat) Standard are tuned to: Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Bb Eb. Here’s how to tune to ‘Bb Standard’ tuning: Some guitarists sometimes call this tuning ‘A# Standard’ and will name the strings: A# D# G# C# F# A# D#. But the more common name is Bb (B Flat) Standard.American Acoustasonic® Jazzmaster® $1999.99. CD-60S Dreadnought $199.99. Highway Series™ Dreadnought $999.99. CD-60S Dreadnought, All-Mahogany $199.99. FA-15 3/4 Steel $149.99. CD-60S Dreadnought LH, Natural WN $199.99. Tune your acoustic guitar with Fender's free, guitar tuner. Select standard or alternate tunings or customize your …The strings on a 7 string tuned to Bb (B Flat) Standard are tuned to: Bb Eb Ab Db Gb Bb Eb. Here’s how to tune to ‘Bb Standard’ tuning: Some guitarists sometimes call this tuning ‘A# Standard’ and will name the strings: A# D# G# C# F# A# D#. But the more common name is Bb (B Flat) Standard.Standard Tuning on the Guitar is when the strings are tuned to E, A, D, G, B, and E starting with the lowest pitched string to the highest. This is the most common tuning for a six-string guitar and doesn’t require any retuning before playing. It’s a great starting point for beginners because it allows you to play a wide range of chords and …Nov 15, 2564 BE ... In simple terms, the debate is over which frequency should be used to tune instruments to. You could tune your guitar to 440 Hz or 432 Hz. Or ... Description - Standard Guitar Tuning. Standard tuning has evolved to provide a good compromise between simple fingering for many chords and the ability to play common scales with minimal left hand movement. The interval between one string and the next is mostly kept consistent, with the first (e) to second (b) string as well as the third (G ... The standard tuning for a 4-string bass guitar typically follows the E-A-D-G pattern. It begins from the thickest string with the lowest pitch and progresses to the thinnest string with the highest pitch. It is commonly referred to as standard tuning and serves as the foundation for most bass guitar playing.You can tune a guitar with a capo on by placing the acpo on the desired fret, using a tuner, and accounting for the capo effects. Capos alter the pitch for a semitone, on each fret up. If you place a capo on the first fret, then guitar strings will lose the EADGBE pattern and they will become FA#D#G#CF.The A'PEXi SAFC 2 is an electronic fuel-tuning device used to optimize the air-to-fuel ratio in modified engines. Considered a piggyback tuner, the SAFC 2 connects into the engine ...What are the technical reasons to buy the stock?...NFLX Streaming giant Netflix (NFLX) is reporting their Q4 numbers Thursday after the close of trading. Prices have been in a stee...Standard Tuning on the Guitar is when the strings are tuned to E, A, D, G, B, and E starting with the lowest pitched string to the highest. This is the most common tuning for a six-string guitar and doesn’t require any retuning before playing. It’s a great starting point for beginners because it allows you to play a wide range of chords and … What we’ve created (and here's the best part,) is a hands down free online guitar tuner so you can easily tune up your guitar. Our tuner works through a microphone on your device, and the instrument range you can tune-up with our online guitar tuner tool is endless: acoustic, bass, electric, ukulele, etc. As we didn’t set any limitations ... Guitar Tuning Method: Standard Tuning. There are many different ways to tune a guitar, but the overwhelmingly most common for most styles of guitar players is …Tuning a 12-String Guitar. Tuning a 12-string guitar in standard E tuning (E-A-D-G-B-E, thick to thin) is very common. To tune your 12-string, tune the E, A, D, and G string pairs within an octave of each other. For the remaining high B and E strings, tune their string pairs in unison to the same frequency. Diagram below.2,000,000 views! Seriously guys, buy a tunerIncidentally folks, if you want to check out some new music, I released a record this year: https://www.youtube.c...Well, there actually isn’t one. Many manufacturers tune baritone guitars to B standard or a perfect 4th below E standard. But there are plenty of ways how to tune it. Here are some of the common tunings for a baritone guitar: B standard: B1-E2-A2-D3-F#-B3. C standard: C2-F2-Bb2-Eb3-G3-C4.Learn how to tune your guitar to standard tuning (EADGBE) or choose from 12 other options with the Fender Online Guitar Tuner. Watch free videos, get tips and access to Fender Tune app and resources.New standard tuning (NST) is an alternative tuning for the guitar that approximates all-fifths tuning.The guitar's strings are assigned the notes C2-G2-D3-A3-E4-G4 (from lowest to highest); the five lowest open strings are each tuned to an interval of a perfect fifth {(C,G),(G,D),(D,A),(A,E)}; the two highest strings are a minor third apart (E,G).. All-fifths …In order to tune your guitar, turn the machine heads (or tuning keys) either clockwise or counter-clockwise until it is in tune for each string. How do you ...
In standard tuning, the guitar strings are tuned (from thickest to thinnest) E, A, D, G, B, E. We recommend coming up with a silly mnemonic to help you remember the notes. Here are some of our favourites: E ddie A nd D ave’s G uitars B eat E veryone. E ven A verage D ogs G et B ones E veryday. E lephants A nd D onkeys G row B ig E ars.. Petite women clothing
The standard tuning for guitars is E-A-D-G-B-E. The low E string is tuned to the note of E, while the A string is tuned to the note of A. The D string is tuned to the note of D, and so on. Each string corresponds to a different letter in the musical alphabet. This article will explain standard tuning and how to achieve it on your guitar.The guitar has an impressive melodic and harmonic potential within its 6 strings. The vast majority of players play in what is called “standard tuning,” or EADGBE.. However, alternative tunings can bring out unique sounds and colors that are impossible to play in standard tuning. It allows you to explore the capabilities of your instrument even … In standard tuning, the open strings on a guitar are typically tuned to the following pitches from low to high: E, A, D, G, B, and high E. These pitches correspond to the notes of the musical alphabet. Open strings are often used to play chords, melodies, and arpeggios, providing a bright and resonant sound. Guitar tuning essentials. A few words about tuning in general: always use an electronic guitar tuner for any foray into an alternate tuning (and for getting back to standard tuning), but first make an effort to tune by ear, tuning the strings to each other using reference pitches, which may be fretted notes, open strings or any available natural …Nov 15, 2564 BE ... In simple terms, the debate is over which frequency should be used to tune instruments to. You could tune your guitar to 440 Hz or 432 Hz. Or ...The A'PEXi SAFC 2 is an electronic fuel-tuning device used to optimize the air-to-fuel ratio in modified engines. Considered a piggyback tuner, the SAFC 2 connects into the engine ...Open D – D A D F♯ A D – Open D is a popular blues tuning, and one of my personal favourites. It is another tuning that works equally well on lap steel, standard guitars, and Weissenborn guitars. Open E – E B E G♯ B E – Almost the same as Open D, but tuned a whole tone higher. This tuning is popular with guitar players.In this guitar tuning guide, Sam explains how to tune a 6-string guitar to standard tuning and offers a few tips to help beginners. Check out our full range...What is C# Guitar Tuning. C# guitar tuning (C#-F#-B-E-G#-C#), also known as Db, is an alternative tuning for guitar. It is 1 and 1/2 whole-steps lower than standard guitar tuning. To give you an idea of the sound, a guitar tuned to C# would be about half way between a baritone and a standard guitar. The lowest string of a baritone …Latest Content - https://linktr.ee/martyschwartzPatreon - https://www.patreon.com/MartyMusicWebsite - http://www.MartyMusic.comMerch - https://teespring.com...Standard Tuning: EADGBE. Standard tuning is the most commonly used tuning for guitars. It provides a versatile foundation for various playing styles and genres. Understanding the standard tuning chart is crucial, as it forms the basis for many other tunings and chord formations. 1. Low E String: E Triple Drop C - C-G-C-B-E-A-d-g-b-e. Also known as C0 tuning / Drop C0 tuning, it use the standard tuning of a 7 string guitar with the 8th, 9th and 10th string dropped by 4 steps from double drop E. Due the very low tuning the bottom strings require very heavy strings. Mar 8, 2022 · Guitar tuning tip: Start slightly flat and tune up to the note to minimize the chances of your tuner gears slipping while playing. Play the reference pitch and use the tuning machine to match the pitch. Hold your finger on 5th fret the low E string, play that, then play the A string. Use the tuning machine on the low E string and adjust it so ... https://www.paypal.me/187GuitarplayerAnything helps! Thanks :)If you need other tunings, message me!Check out my channel for informations about my Guitars/Ef....